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(www.monsoonjournal.com) By: Raymond Rajabalan

Valentine’s Day is a holiday celebrated on February 14. It is the traditional day on which lovers express their love for each other; sending Valentine’s cards, or gifting candy. It is very common to present flowers on Valentine’s Day. The holiday is named after two of the numerous Early Christian martyrs named Valentine. The day became associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in High Middle Ages, when the tradition of courtly love flourished.

[Dark Pink rose in Rozella, Sri Lanka: Pic: HA]

The day is most closely associated with the mutual exchange of love notes in the form of “valentines.” Modern Valentine symbols include the heart-shaped outline and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have largely given way to mass-produced greeting cards.

HISTORY

Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine. Until 1969, the Catholic Church formally recognized eleven Valentine’s Days. The Valentines honoured on February 14 are:
• Valentine of Rome: a priest in Rome who suffered martyrdom about AD 269.
• Valentine of Terni : He became bishop of Interamna (modern Terni) about AD 197 and is said to have been killed during the persecution of Emperor Aurelian).

• The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of 14 February. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.

The evolving legend

According to legend, St Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead. Because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing the blind daughter of his jailer.

Early Medieval legend about St.Valentine, still providing no connections whatsoever with sentimental love, appropriate lore has been embroidered in modern times to portray Valentine as a priest who refused an unattested law attributed to Roman Emperor Claudius II, allegedly ordering that young men remain single. The Emperor supposedly did this to grow his army, believing that married men did not make for good soldiers. The priest Valentine, however, secretly performed marriage ceremonies for young men. When Claudius found out about this, he had Valentine arrested and thrown in jail. In an embellishment to The Golden Legend, on the evening before Valentine was to be executed, he wrote the first “valentine” himself, addressed to a young girl variously identified as his beloved as the jailer’s daughter whom he had befriended and healed,It was a note that read “From your Valentine.”

In another apparently modern embellishment, while Valentine was imprisoned, people would leave him little notes, folded up and hidden in cracks in the rocks around his cell. He would find them and offer prayers for them

Valentine’s Day and its equivalents in other cultures

IN THE WEST

Valentine’s Day also has regional traditions in the UK. In Norfolk a character called ‘Jack’ Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.
In Wales many people celebrate Dydd Santes Dwynwen (St Dwynwen’s Day) on 25 January instead of or as well as St Valentine’s Day. The day commemorates St Dwynwen, the patron saint of Welsh lovers.

In France, a traditionally Catholic country, Valentine’s Day is known simply as “Saint Valentin”, and is celebrated in much the same way as other western countries.

In Denmark & Norway Valentine’s Day (14 Feb) is known as Valentinsdag. It is not celebrated to a large extent, but a lot people take time to eat a romantic dinner with their partner, to send a card to a secret love or give a red rose to their loved one. In Sweden it is called Alla hjärtans dag (”All Hearts’ Day”) and was launched in the 1960s by the flower industry’s commercial interests, and due to influence of American culture. It is not an official holiday, but its celebration is recognized and sales of cosmetics and flowers for this holiday are only bested by those for Mother’s Day.

In Finland, Valentine’s Day is called Ystävänpäivä which translates into “Friend’s day”. As the name says, this day is more about remembering your friends than your loved ones.

In Slovenia, a proverb says that “St Valentine brings the keys of roots,” so on February 14, plants and flowers start to grow. Valentine’s Day has been celebrated as the day when the first works in the vineyards and on the fields commence. The day of love is traditionally 12 March, the Saint Gregory’s day.

In Romania, the traditional holiday for lovers is Dragobete, which is celebrated on February 24. It is named after a character from Romanian folklore. In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine’s Day, despite already having Dragobete as a traditional holiday. This has drawn backlash from many groups, reputable persons and institutions but also nationalist organizations like Noua Dreaptǎ, who condemn Valentine’s Day for being superficial, commercialist and imported Western kitsch.

In Turkey, Valentine’s Day is called Sevgililer Günü which translates into “Sweethearts’ Day”.

According to Jewish tradition the 15th day of the month of Av - Tu B’Av (usually late August) is the festival of love. In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them . In modern Israeli culture this is a popular day to pronounce love, propose marriage and give gifts like cards or flowers.

IN THE AMERICAS

The exchange of chocolates and flowers is traditional on Valentine’s Day.
In Brazil, the Dia dos Namorados ( “Day of the enamored”, or “Boyfriend’s/Girlfriend’s Day”) is celebrated on June 12, when couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards and flower bouquets. This day was chosen probably because it is the day before the Saint Anthony’s day, known there as the marriage saint, when many single women perform popular rituals, called simpatias, in order to find a good husband or a boyfriend.

In Colombia, the Día del amor y la amistad ( “Love and Friendship Day”) is celebrated on the third Friday and Saturday in September, because of commercial issues. In this country the Amigo secreto (”Secret friend”) tradition is quite popular, which consists of randomly assigning to each participant a recipient who is to be given an anonymous gift (similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa).

IN ASIA

Thanks to a concentrated marketing effort, Valentine’s Day has emerged in Japan and Korea as a day on which women, and less commonly men, give candy, chocolate or flowers. It has become an obligation for many women to give chocolates to all male co-workers. In Japan this is known as giri-choko , from the words giri (”obligation”) and choko, (”chocolate”). This contrasts with honmei-choko ; chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko ; from tomo meaning “friend”.

By a further marketing effort, a reciprocal day called White Day has emerged. On March 14, men are expected to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine’s Day. Originally, the return gift was supposed to be white chocolate or marshmallows; hence “White Day”. However, lingerie and jewelry have become common gifts.

In South Korea, there is also Pepero Day, celebrated on November 11, when young couples give each other romantic gifts. There is an additional day for single people, Black Day, celebrated on April 14.

In Chinese culture, there is a counterpart to Valentine’s Day, called “The Night of Sevens” ; according to legend the Cowherd and the Weaver Maid meet in Heaven on the 7th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar. A slightly different version of this day is celebrated in Japan as Tanabata, on July 7th of the solar calendar.

IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD
In Persian culture (Iran) Sepandarmazgan is a day for love, which is on 29 Bahman in the jalali solar calendar. The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar is 17 February.

Sepandarmazgan were held in the Great Persian Empire in the 20th century BC hundreds of years before its acknowledgement by western world.

This day is currently celebrated in Iran despite some restrictions made by government, and young Persian boys and girls may be seen on this day going out and buying gifts and celebrating.

[monsoonJournal.com] By Siva Sivapragasam

Tamilnadu Chief Minister octogenarian Muthuvelu Karunanithi is a troubled man these days.

He is facing an onslaught from his ally, the Congress party and his arch enemy- convent educated cinematic idol, former Chief Minister Jayalalitha .In a recent outburst he has declared “our self-respect is clearer than the crown of thorns that denotes power. We are ready to lose power if our self-respect is under threat”. The bone of contention that is rocking his boat is divisive politics, family squabble, Sri Lankan ethnic problem and the question of a successor after him.

When Mu Ka (as he is affectionately known by his party cadres) assumed power, he had no absolute majority in the State Assembly and had to depend on the ruling Congress Party at the center and other minority parties to form the Government. Thus, Jayalalitha Jayaram always pokes fun at him by referring to his Government as the “minority government”. Now and then his major allies, the Congress Party and the PMK give him pin-pricks on delicate issues. He also earned the wrath of religious leaders in the North sometime back when he scorned Lord Rama as a mere imaginative epic hero and not of the status of a Hindu God.

Other issues haunting Karunanithi are internal squabble within his family and the problem of a successor after him. Two of his sons-MK. Stalin and MK.Alagiri, born to different mothers are competing for leadership after him. It was Stalin, the “Thalapathi” who had been groomed by party followers all these years as his legitimate successor. But Stalin lacks lustre and charisma that is a sine-qua-non in Tamilnaadu politics. It was film charisma than efficiency that plummeted MGR and Jayalalitha into power. On the other hand Alagiri is a tough-talking “goonda” type politician who rules the roost in Madurai. A third person who has come into the lime-light recently is his sweet smiling daughter, poet Kanimoli .She has been made an M.P. at the centre and perhaps would soon be elevated to the rank of a cabinet minister. She would be the best choice for Karunanithi specially to oppose Jayalalitha.

But the big problem that is plaguing Karunanithi now is the Sri Lankan ethnic strife and the allegation from his allies and opposition parties about LTTE presence and support in Tamilnaadu. Tamil politicians in Tamilnaadu like Nedumaran, Thirumalavan and Vaiko Gopalasamy are protesting against the Centre’s alleged arms support to the Sri Lankan Government and want Karunanithi to take the issue with the Central Government and suspend any such assistance. At the same time, the Congress Party in Tamilnaadu and Jayalalitha are alleging that he is giving a free run to the LTTE in Tamilnaadu, which he has vehemently denied. So, he is caught between the devil and the deep sea.

Against the back drop of complexed problems, the economy in Tamilnaadu is basically sound. The economy is flourishing with foreign investment pouring in and several high-tech and auto industries being setup. The business sector and almost the entire film world which has a big say in Tamilnaadu politics is backing Karunanithi (as evident in a function held sometime back to felicitate him).

As a seasoned politician and a diplomatic personality, the Kalaignar is bound to emerge unscathed from the vexed and complex issues confronting him. Perhaps, in the evening of his political career he would utter the word “Success”which he penned for his onetime friend Sivaji Ganesan in his legendary success film “Parasakthi.

(www.monsoonjournal.com) by: Nate. V

Greek cuisine is the cuisine of Greece and of the Greeks. It is typical of Mediterranean cuisine accompanied by commonalities with the cuisines of Southern France, Italy, the Balkans, Anatolia, and the Middle East.

The most characteristic and ancient element of Greek cooking is olive oil, which is present in almost every dish. It is produced from the trees prominent throughout the region, and adds to the distinctive taste of Greek food. The basic grain in Greece is wheat, though barley is also grown. Important vegetables include tomato, eggplant, potato, green beans, okra, green peppers, and onions. Honey in Greece is mainly flower-honey from the nectar of fruit and citrus trees (lemon, orange, and bigarade trees), thyme honey, and pine honey from conifer trees. Mastic is grown on the Aegean island of Chios.

Greek cuisine uses some flavorings more often than do other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill, salt, and bay leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes use “sweet” spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews. Greek flavor is often characterized by the use of mint and nutmeg. Other typical ingredients are lamb, pork, Kalamata olives, feta cheese, grape leaves, zucchini and yogurt. Dessert items are dominated by nuts and honey.

The terrain has tended to flavor the production of goats and sheep over cattle, and thus beef dishes tend to be a rarity by comparison. Fish dishes are also common, especially in coastal regions and the islands. A great variety of cheese types are used in Greek cuisine, including Feta, Kasseri, Kefalotyri, and Mizithra. Some dishes use phyllo pastry.

Too much refinement is generally considered to be against the hearty spirit of the Greek cuisine, though recent trends among Greek culinary circles tend to flavor a somewhat more refined approach.

Many dishes names come from the Ottoman cuisine tradition and their names reveal Arabic, Persian or Turkish roots such as moussakas, baklavas, tzatziki, yuvarlakia, keftedhes. Many dishes names probably entered the Greek vocabulary during Ottoman times, but there was earlier contact with the Persians and the Arabs. Some dishes may be pre-Ottoman, only taking Turkish names later; Ash and Dalby, for example, speculate that grape-leaf dolmathes were made by the early Byzantine period.

A few dishes are influenced by Venetian (Italian) cuisine, such as pastitsio, makaronia me kima, though pasta with meat together is considered in culinary circles an “eastern” tradition, found mostly in Greece and Anatolia and Asia Minor and regions of that influence.

Recently, American food has also become more popular in Greece and Europe, with local fast-food chains such as Goody’s springing up. Although fast food is gaining popularity and many major fast food chains have opened all over Greece, Greek people still rely primarily on the rich and extensive dishes of the Greek cuisine. In addition, some traditional Greek foods, especially souvlaki, gyro, pita/pites, for example tiropita and spanakopita (savory or sweet stuffed phyllo) are often served in fast food style. Eating out has always been common in Greece. The Taverna and Estiatorio are widespread, serving traditional Greek home cooking at affordable prices to both locals and tourists.

Typical Greek food is simple, colorful and packed with robust flavours. Although many dishes show influences from the Greek past, they have a distinctive style of their own which has changed little over the years. Greek cuisine has a long tradition of fine cooking and the full range of Greek dishes usually remains undiscovered by the tourist.

Greek Salad

5 vine ripe tomatoes, cut into chunks
2 red onion, thinly sliced
2 English seedless cucumber, cut into bite-size chunks
2 small red bell pepper, seeded and chunked
2 small green bell pepper, seeded and chunked
2 cup Kalamata black olives
Several sprigs fresh flat-leaf parsley, about 1/2 cup
3 (1/4 pound) slices imported Greek feta
1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil
4 tablespoons (4 splashes) red wine vinegar
2 teaspoon dried oregano
Coarse salt and black pepper

Pita breads

Combine vegetables, olives, and parsley in a large bowl. Rest sliced feta on the top of salad. Combine oil, vinegar, and oregano in a small plastic container with a lid. Shake vigorously to combine oil and vinegar and pour over salad and cheese. Season with salt and pepper and let the salad marinate until ready to serve. Serve salad with pita bread blistered and warmed on a hot griddle or grill pan.

Greek style leg of lamb

INGREDIENTS:

• 6 pound leg of lamb, boned and tied
• 5 tablespoons lemon juice
• 1/2 cup olive oil
• 4 cloves garlic, minced
• 1/2 teaspoon thyme
• 1/2 teaspoon oregano
• 1/2 teaspoon bay leaf
• salt and pepper to taste

PREPARATION:

Mix together everything but the lamb. Place lamb leg in a large shallow baking dish. Pour marinade over leg, making sure to coat every inch. Cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate overnight. Preheat grill and prepare rotisserie.

Remove leg from marinade and discard the marinade. Tread lamb onto spit and secure tightly. Place on grill over medium to medium low heat and cook until the interior of the meat reaches 145 degrees, about 2 hours to 3 hours. Served with pita bread, tzatziki and rice pilaf.

Baklava

INGREDIENTS

• 1 (16 ounce) package phyllo dough
• 1 pound chopped nuts
• 1 cup butter
• 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
• 1 cup water
• 1 cup white sugar
• 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
• 3/4 cup honey

DIRECTIONS

1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Butter the bottoms and sides of a 9×13 inch pan.
2. Chop nuts and toss with cinnamon. Set aside. Unroll phyllo dough. Cut whole stack in half to fit pan. Cover phyllo with a dampened cloth to keep from drying out as you work. Place two sheets of dough in pan, butter thoroughly. Repeat until you have 8 sheets layered. Sprinkle 2 - 3 tablespoons of nut mixture on top. Top with two sheets of dough, butter, nuts, layering as you go. The top layer should be about 6 - 8 sheets deep.
3. Using a sharp knife cut into diamond or square shapes all the way to the bottom of the pan. You may cut into 4 long rows the make diagonal cuts. Bake for about 50 minutes until baklava is golden and crisp.
4. Make sauce while baklava is baking. Boil sugar and water until sugar is melted. Add vanilla and honey. Simmer for about 20 minutes.
5. Remove baklava from oven and immediately spoon sauce over it. Let cool. Serve in cupcake papers. This freezes well. Leave it uncovered as it gets soggy if it is wrapped up.

(www.monsoonjournal.com) by: Anand. J

Here is yet another South bound action movie with director Hari’s style. The director has presented a racy film that proves to be a perfect entertainer, which has action, sentiment and romance in the right proportions. But at the same time the film looks like the mixture of Hari’s old versions Ayya and Thamirabharani in most of the parts. However, the director has succeeded in giving a racy entertainer with all required ingredients.

The story starts with a family, which has twin children, being separated with one child. The separated boys grow up in different environments. One grows in Chennai becomes an officer (Vasu) in a private investigative agency and the other grows in Dindukkal becomes a typical rusty young man (Vel). Meanwhile Vasu falls in love with a television hostess ‘7 Up’ Swati (Asin). At the same time Vel is given a tough time by Sankarapandi (Kalabhavan Mani), a former minister and local strongman, who has his own axe to grind. The twins meet, swap their roles and unite to fight the villain in a different way.

Surya in a dual role as an angry young man and a cool city guy with a comic sense has pitched in with yet another fantastic performance. Particularly his action packed performance in Vel character steals the show. Though there is no much difference in the get ups, he has got into the skin of both the characters adopting different body language and dialogue delivery techniques. His onscreen chemistry with Asin clicks once again just like his previous film with her - Ghajini.

Vadivelu is surely an asset to this films story and helps the viewers to relax in many scenes of this action cum sentiments packed movie - especially the ‘tea shop’ scene. Asin, with a typical ’soda butti’ is looking very cute, particularly in the song sequences. Kalabhavan Mani is the usual villain you have seen in many similar films with his trade mark loud act. Lakshmi, Raj Kapoor and Charan Raj also done their part well.

There is nothing special in Yuvan’s Music. The Switzerland dream song will bring the title track of Ghajini back to the viewer”s minds. It is the brisk pace of the film, which makes it a racy entertainer. It seems that the director safely has ridden with known subject and he has been successful. The way he has handled the story of the film is commendable. For Hari, ‘Vel’ is another successful action masala flick like ‘Saami’

Vel – Vetri Vel

(www.monsoonjournal.com) By: Anand. J

Double roles for Vijay and it’s double dhamaka for all Vijay fans. If you are ready to enjoy a movie without any logic, ATM is a must see. Of course Azhagiya Tamizh Magan is a new effort from Vijay and his team and the young box office prince has delivered well being seen in novel getups in the film. He is looking very smart and fresh in his first ever dual role performance. His stylish and comical mannerism in ATM steals the show and scores well for him. Director Bharathan has well exploited the actor’s strength and style in most parts of the film.

We only knew that Vijay is the hero of the movie. But what surprises the viewers is his villain role. Yes, he is playing both the hero and villain role. However, the director (Bharathan, a debutant) seems not to be bothered about the story as it is wafer thin, and in the climax it looks like he didn’t know how to end the film well. Among the major drawbacks of the film is its length – almost three hours. It needs a good trimming mainly in the first half which is too long and at times sags.

We must say that ESP is not a proven scientific fact and hence the director is not justified in putting it as a matter of fact. This could have been digested if the director had presented it in a different way without saying that it was scientific.

Guru (Vijay) is an athlete and a business management student who is always seen with his two friends Santhanam and Sathyan. They reside in a house owned by sex bomb Shakeela (she appears as herself) in a colony. Abhinaya (Shreya) is the daughter of a business baron (Ashish Vidyarthi). They happen to meet and fall in love. Both parents accept their relationship.

Suddenly Guru starts seeing things that are going to happen in the immediate future. The doctors say he has Extra Sensory Perception (ESP). He has two bitter experiences, which may be the cause of it. Just before Guru and Abhinaya are to be engaged, Guru gets a very disturbing ESP, of him killing Abhinaya. A shattered Guru distances himself from Abhinaya and goes away to Mumbai.

In Mumbai he stumbles upon a person, who looks like him. This adds a twist to the tale of the ESP he had about Abhinaya. Before catching the man, played by Vijay himself, Guru has an accident and the new man moves to Chennai where he is mistaken to be Guru. The stylish and care free Prasad (the villain), the look alike Guru, is a greedy person, who would do anything to earn money and enjoy life. Abhinaya mistakes him for Guru and invites him to her house.

Understanding what he has got into, Prasad decides to act as Guru and marry the rich Abhinaya. He proposes that they get engaged and she accepts. Guru, then sensing trouble returns to Chennai to set things right with his love.

Vijay plays the role with much ease and outstanding style. His comic timing, impeccable dancing abilities (particularly in the title song) make his performance simply outstanding. In the negative character Prasad’s role, he is the veritable scene stealer. No doubt, Vijay is the strength of the movie. Shreya is another sweet surprise in the movie. She is not appearing as a glamour doll, but performs well in a meaty role on par with the hero. Particularly in the climax, Shreya proves her acting agility.

There is nothing special in Namitha’s role. The director has used her effectively for a scintillating song. Santhanam plays the hero’s friend well and raises the comedy bar to a new level. The major plus of the film is AR Rahman’s catchy tunes and cool background score. Nee Marliyn Monroe… is an item number shot with Vijay and Namitha in Phuket islands. But in many shots of the song, one can easily find the censor officer’s work too.

Maduraikku Pogathadi and Valayapatti Thavile are other two foot tapping numbers. However the remix of Ponmagal Vandhal is not a pleasant one for the ardent lovers of original song. Balasubramaniyan’s camera work is another asset. The film’s foreseeable problem is the climax, which is undigestable for the masses. Over all, the film has many drawbacks in its script but Vijay neutralizes all of these with his outstanding performance!!

Namba mudiyadha Azhagiya Tamizh Magan!!!!

[www.MonsoonJournal]

By: S. Raymond Rajabalan

We are now in the midst of Christmas, a festive period concerning the birth of a child that altered the course of history of mankind. We rejoice, the birth of infant Jesus, the saviour of mankind and remember a heavenly host joining the angel of the Lord singing “Glory to God in the highest heaven and on earth peace among those whom he favours” However to this day, it has not been possible to determine the exact year and date of birth of Jesus born in Bethlehem over 2000 years ago. Many historians and Christian scholars have by their diligent effort and meticulous research has been able to compile some useful information relating to the time of birth of Jesus. Some of these information comes from the cherished stories of the birth and early life of Jesus described in the Gospels of Mathew and Luke.

Today in the city of David (Bethlehem),
there has been born for you a saviour,
who is Christ the Lord (Luke 2:11)

1. Gospels of Mathew & Luke

According to Mathew’s Gospel it is stated that “Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the King”Herod the Great who became King in 37 B.C. (Before Christ) died in the year 4 B.C. Mathew therefore places Nativity prior to the year 4 B.C. In the 6th century Pope John 1 assigned a Roman monk named Dionysius Exiguous to prepare a standardized calendar for the Western church .Dionysius made the birth date of Jesus the basis for his chart of Easter dates. Dionysius labeled the years after Jesus’ birth “AD” (which stands for Anno Domini, meaning “in the year of the Lord” in Latin), a system later supplemented by the term “BC” (which stands for Before Christ)In his calculations, Dionysius miscalculated the death of Herod by four years, resulting in the awkward situation that Jesus’ birth is usually dated into the years “BC” (Before Christ).

2. Census in Syria

Meanwhile Luke tells us that the birth of Jesus occurred at the time when Emperor Augustus Caesar ordered a census. That census took place when Quirinius was the Governor of Syria (Luke 2:2)

According to historical records, Augustus Caesar dispatched Governor Quirinius to Syria in AD.6.During the same period Coponius was the first Governor of Judea. Quirinius and Coponius jointly conducted a census at that time.

However if Jesus was born prior to 4 BC , at this time of the A.D 6 census Jesus would have had to be at least 10 years old by that date.

Therefore, the birth of Jesus could not have occurred prior to 4 B.C.

Some scholars have pointed out that Quirinius served an earlier term in Syria (from 10 B.C. to 7 B.C). This probably could be the period to which Luke refers in his gospel

3. Star of Bethlehem.

A third Clue to the date of Nativity is the Star of Bethlehem

In 12 B.C. Chinese astronomers recorded a comet named Hailleys. They also mentioned about a stellar explosion (or Nova) in 5 B.C.

Either of the above two events could have been the celestial guide to Three wise Men seeking the place of birth of Jesus.

Meanwhile in early 17th Century, German Astronomer and Mathemetician Johannes Kepler proposed another explanation. Kepler observed conjunction of the two planets Saturn and Jupiter within the constellation Pisces, in 7 B.C.

He remembered an ancient Hebrew tradition that the Messiah would appear when the two planets moved so close to one another, that they appeared to be a single large star. On checking the ancient astronomical charts, Kepler found that in year 7 B.C. The planets Saturn and Jupiter had three such Rendezvous – on May 29, Sept. 29 and Dec.4.

Out of these three dates, it is possible that the “Three wise men from the East” – possibly astrologers in Babylonia chose the September date to start out along the caravan route to Judea. Based on the geography of the travel, such a Journey would have brought them to Bethlehem area towards the time when there still could have been, as Luke writes “Shepherds out in the Field, keeping watch over their flock by Night”.

4. Month of Birth - November/ January

Mediterranean climates such as Judea’s have mild winters reaching their coolest in late February. Thus December nights can be quite balmy and warm enough to graze sheep. Moreover, December/January would have been an ideal time to graze sheep to take advantage of the winter rains.

During the hot months, conditions can be quite barren and the grasses dry. But the end of December was the time when the perennial grasses began to turn green again and the annual grasses had sprouted anew. Thus, climatically the ecclesiastical practice of placing Christ’s birth between December 25 and January 6 is possible.

Controversy over whether Christmas ought to be celebrated on December 25 or January 6 underscores the perceived importance of the day of Christ’s birth and the determination of church fathers to be accurate.

Based on the above evidences and reasoning from Keplers Hypothesis, it is at least a possibility that Jesus was born in Late Autumn in the year 7 B.C. though we may never know for certain.

However in order to bring an end to the dispute among the Historians and Scholars regarding the year and date of the Birth of Jesus, Pope John.1 in AD.525 declared that December 25th should be celebrated as the date of Birth of Jesus.

Irrespective of the exact dates and year on which Jesus was born, what is more important is that his Birth as well as His Teachings about the kingdom of God continues to be a spiritual guiding factor and of immense benefit to mankind.

This article is written in honour of the 125th Birth Anniversary of Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathiyar [www.monsoonjournal.com]

Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathi

Subramanya Bharathi was born on Dec 11th 1882, in Ettayapuram a village in South India to Chinnasami Iyar and Lakshmi Ammal. His birth name is Subramaniya Iyar. He is celebrated as one of the great poets of India. He was a reformer, journalist, freedom fighter and poet. Bharathi was prolific and was adept in both prose and poetry forms. His rousing compositions helped rally masses to support the Indian independent struggle in South India. He is known as Mahakavi Bharathi meaning great poet Bharathi. The word ‘Bharathi’ is another name of Goddess of learning Saraswathi in the Pantheon of Hindu deities.

Subramanya Iyar lost his mother at a very young age in 1889. He started his education at the Hindu College, in Thirunelveli town in the year 1894, and studied there till 1897.At the time of marriage Bharathi was only fifteen while his bride who was his cousin was only seven. Her name was Chellammah. Misery struck Bharathi’s life again the following year; he lost his father. After the death of his father in 1898 he moved to Benares a town in the banks of river Gangees, and lived there till 1902 with his aunt. Benares is also known as Kasi and Varnasi a holy place of pilgrimage in Hindu religion. During this stay he learnt Sanskrit, and many other North Indian Languages. Another interesting experience Bharathi had during his stay was, when he met a Sikh gentleman and was greatly impressed by his turban. From that day Bharathi started wearing a turban always. Turban became a distinct feature of Bharathi’s appearance.

During his stay with his aunt Bharathi was exposed to two important traits which influenced him to a great extent. The first is the nationalism and the other Hindu spirituality. In December 1905, he attended the All India Congress session held in Benares. Here he was privileged to meet a keen social worker Margaret Elizabeth Noble an Anglo-Irish lady who was a disciple of Swami Vivekanda, and was better known as Sister Nivedita. This encounter made him realize the Indian women were deprived and kept in ignorance of the struggle of the nation and thereby lost their contribution to the struggle. He visualized a ‘new-woman’ of India as an emanation of Goddess Sakthi, a willing partner of man to build a new India. On his return to his home town in 1902 he was appointed the court poet at Ettayapuram till 1904.

Patriotism: - Bharathi realized the need to educate the public about the Indian struggle for liberation and other happenings around the world. He started taking keen interest in journalism and the print media of the west and home land. In 1904 he joined ‘Sudesamithiran’ a Tamil daily as an assistant editor. His enthusiasm made him to join the radical Tamil weekly ‘India’ and the English newspaper ‘Bala Bharatham’, becoming the editor of both. These journals not only educated the public but were also a great outlet for Bharathi’s creative mind.

Bharathi participated in the historic Surat Congress in 1907 at which the militant’s wing of the Indian National Congress led by Logamanya Tilak, Aurobido Gosh and Lajpath Ray challenged the moderates like Gandhi and Nehru. Subramanya Bharati together with V. O Chithambarampillai and others from South India joined the militant group agitating for independence. As early as in 1908 Bharathi organized a public meeting to celebrate Independence (Swaraj) Day of India. His nationalistic poems were printed and distributed free to the audience. In the same year he gave evidence in support of his friend in the case which had been set up by the British rulers against his good friend V. O Chithambarampillai the one who launched a shipping lines in defiance of the British orders and was called ‘Kappal Ootiya Thamilan’ meaning the Tamil who piloted the ship. The same year the proprietor of the weekly ‘India’ was arrested. Faced with the prospect of arrest, Bharathi escaped to Pondichery which was under French rule.

Living in exile he continued his journalistic pursuit, by continuing to edit the weekly journal ‘India’, and Tamil daily ‘Vijaya’. At the same time Bharathi continued the editorial work on the English monthly ‘Bala Bharatham’. Bharathi edited a local weekly of Pondicherry by the name ‘Suryothayam’ too. All this he achieved in spite of the might of the British Empire stopping remittances and letters to the papers in British India. It is also believed that as a journalist, Bharathi was the first in India to introduce caricatures and political cartoons in newspapers.

During exile he had the privilege to mix with many other leaders of the militant wing of the independence struggle who have sought asylum in the French colony.

After a stay of ten years in exile he returned to British India near Kadalore in November 1918 and was promptly arrested by the British and imprisoned in the Central prison in Kadalore for thrty four days.

Literary carrier: - Before one goes to study his outpouring of poems and penmanship it is important to understand what prompted him to pursue in this field. First and foremost the motivating factor was his desire to tell the world what he felt about the various issues of the world that made him to be a journalist and a poet. He was not man with head in the clouds. He realized the prime need of his mother land was its independence. He also realized it cannot be achieved alienating seventy five percent of the country’s population. It was the lowliest and the lost that made seventy five percent of the Indian population. By lowliest I mean the Harijans, the dalits, the adivasis, and the other backward classes tagged as low caste. And the ‘lost’ implies all women who are almost lost to the political world and had no say in the matters of independence struggle. Sister Nivedita had profound influence over him in this matter, for if an Anglo-Irish woman can come all this distance and does social work then why not his own country women take part in the struggle he thought. He wrote in his songs;

‘We will destroy the idiocy

Of denigrating womanhood’

In another poem he wrote;

Those who said women should not touch books are perished

The funny men who locked the women in their homes now bow their heads’

Bharathi was totally against cast system though he was from a high cast (Brahmin).He gave up his cast identity of wearing the sacred thread. He believed the whole humanity is equal and should be free to take to any field of studies. During his time only Brahmins were allowed to learn Veda. To prove his point he performed Upanayanam (Initiation ceremony) to a young Harijan man and gave him the sacred thread and declared him a Brahmin. This action earned him the enimity of his Brahin relatives and friends. On the subject of castes he wrote;

My blood boils to think of these idiotic men!

How many divisions within us, they are more than a crore….’

Again he sang to the children;

There is no castes baby; it is sin to say low and high by birth baby’

His poetry expressed a progressive, refined ideal. His powerful words molded the thinking of the Tamils and guided to progressive thinking.

In his short life of 39 years he wrote untiringly. His writings are

A special mention must be made on his greatest contribution to Tamil poetry. Until then the poems followed the strict syntactic rules set down in the Sangam era which was about two thousand years old. The language itself had evolved and an average folk could not understand what was written. Bharathi broke away from the ranks and created a prose-poetic style known as puthukavithai meaning ‘New Poems’. This was understood by all. Previously one believed if it is hard to understand it must be good. Initially the educated men brushed him aside as childish attempt, but the masses liked his literary works and a new style of Tamil songs developed, which enriched the ancient Tamil language.

Apart from the above songs he wrote on various issues in the news papers together with many short stories to educate the public. Bharathi was very much interested in Carnatic and Hindustani music. He composed songs in Carnatic music (kiritis) in Tamil on various topics. Though he was fluent in many languages including Bengali, Hindi, Sanskrit, Kutchi, French, and English he composed only in Tamil except two songs in Sanskrit.

During his time the elite Tamil musicians believed to be a good musician they must sing the compositions by the three Carnatic music composers known as ‘The Ttrinity’, whose compositions were all in Telungu and Sanskrit. The Tamil vocalist sang without knowing the meaning of the songs, and they were singing without proper expression. Bharathi rebuked this stupid attitude of the vocalist. He wrote his observations in an article ‘Sangeetha Visayam’ (issues in music). He also observed that these compositions of ‘The Trinity’ expressed only two emotions which were devotion and love. He insisted the music is much greater than that. Bharathi observed that music should bring out other expressions such as valor, anger, wonder, fear and hatred. He took the stand musicians should not sing songs which they do not understand the meaning. Naturally his forthright condemnation brought many enemies within the high class society of musicians.

It is sad to end this great mans story in a low note. Since his imprisonment he was not in good health. Though Bharathi was released there were many restrictions on his movement and employment by the British rulers. Bharathi lived in poverty. In 1919 he moved to Madras and met Ghandi at Rajaji’s house. Finally in 1920 when a general amnesty order finally removed restrictions, Bharathi was in dire poverty. Bharathi rejoined ‘Suthesamithiran’ again. Unfortunately he was struck by the temple elephant shortly afterwards, which he used to feed regularly. Though he survived the mishap a few months latter his health deteriorated and died on September 11^th 1921. At the time of death he was only thirty-nine years old. He was a people’s person and devoted his life to his mother land India and his mother tongue Tamil, but there were only about fifteen people attended his funeral. [monsoonjournal.com]

by Kumar Punithavel~Email: kumarpunithavel@yahoo.com

Photo: Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathiyar in Nallur, Jaffna~Sri Lanka, by Dushiyanthini Kanagasabapathipillai

By Dr. A. R. M. Imtiyaz

[monsoonJournal.com]
General thoughts on Ramadan

“Ramadan is the (month) in which Qur’an was sent down, as a guide to mankind, and a clear guidance and judgment (so that mankind will distinguish right from wrong). Whoever among you witnesses the month of Ramadan should fast through it…” (2:183)

Ramadan, the third pillar of Islam, falls on the ninth month of the Islamic calendar established in the year of 638CE. Ramadan is derived from an Arabic word for intense heat and scorched ground. “Ramadan is the month during which the Quran was revealed, providing guidance for the people, clear teachings, and the statute book. Those of you who witness this month shall fast therein. Those who are ill or traveling may substitute the same number of other days. Allah wishes for you convenience, not hardship, that you may fulfill your obligations, and to glorify Allah for guiding you, and to express your appreciation.”[2:185] Ramadan divides into three parts. They are, (1) Rahmat, which mean mercy of God, (2) Maghfirat means forgiveness of God, (3) Nijat which means salvation.

Tarawih praying is one of the key elements of the month. Tarawih is an Arabic phrase referring to extra prayers. Muslims perform this prayer after Isha prayer. Muslims who identified with Sunni school perform Tarawih every night of the month. South Asia , home to Sunni Muslims, witness Tarwih during Ramadan. However, there is no unique position among the Muslims as to how many Salah should be performed in Tarawih which are held in the (Sunni) mosques every night of the month. However, Muslims who attach to Shia school, the second largest denomination based on the Islamic faith after Sunni Islam does not practice Tarawih. Shias view that Tarawih prayer as a Bidah (type of innovation) and thus caution Muslims to excuse themselves from it. In order to gain Almighty God’s love and appreciation, instead of performing Tarawih, Shia perform the night prayer during Ramadan just like any other night. This night prayer (Salah) commonly known as Tahajjud (ta-hajj-od).

Generally, during whole section of the Qur’an is recited during the praying in Ramadan. This opens the gate to complete the entire Qur’an by the end of the month. Sunnis predominant group among the Muslims believe it is conventional practice to do a khatm (complete recitation) of the Qur’an during the Ramadan by reciting at least one chapter (Juz) per night in Tarawih. Moreover, Shia Muslims regularly read Qur’an and attempt to complete it by the end of the month.

Ramadan demands both spiritual and physical observance of thirty days of fasting during the daylight hours. Right through the month of fasting, Muslims across the world including South Asia, regardless of their bitter ethnic and sectarian divisions, observe a fast from dawn to dusk. Fasting can help to purify the body and mind if those who fast seriously and sincerely committed to the ritual. Muslims also believe that Ramadan helps to raise Islamic values of peace, justice and equity.

Ramadan can help those who fast to practice the teachings of Islam. It also can seriously discourage those who fast in refraining from unpleasant feelings such as anger, envy, greed, and gossip. Qur’an encouraged Muslims to read it regularly during the month and dissuade Muslims having sexual pleasure during the day time. That is to say during fasting in the day sexual intercourse is not allowed but is permissible after the fast.

Fasting can help to cultivate righteousness and humility if it is practiced in its form. Fasting is not simply a practice of abstaining from food or drink; it is all about how those who fast control their mind and mature themselves to obtain wisdom and to seek a spiritual path. Thus, it must be observed strictly in order to gain the fruits of fasting.

Why do Muslims fast?

(A)To follow God’s order

One of Almighty God’s injunctions, directed to Muslims (men and women) to fast. “O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you…”(2:183) and “…whoever witnesses the month of Ramadan should fast through it…” (2:185) the phrase “O you who believe” is referring to those who attach to Almighty (Allah) God’s command and testify that “La ilaha illa llaha Muhammadu-r Rasululla (there is no God but God Muhammad is the Prophet of God) and follow the Sunnah of His Prophet, Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him). Clearly, Ramadan fast is a divine order obligatory to all able-bodied Muslims who are free from compelling excuses.

(B) To practice the tradition

“O ye who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for people before you …”(2:183) In fact, fasting was not an untainted innovation of Prophet Mohamed (PBUH). It was practiced well before the birth of Prophet Mohamed (PBUH). As a matter of fact, Adam (Sal) who was believed to be the first creature of mankind by Almighty God practiced fasting. Ramadan had been a practice of all the Prophets of God and their followers. Qur’an mentions that Musa (Sal) fasted for 40 days (2:51) and thus, the Jews termed “Jewish Passover” and the Prophet Mohamed (PBUH) told us that Dawud(Sal) used to fast for half of the year (this involves fasting on every alternate day). Jesus or Isa (Sal) was also reported to have fasted for 40 days and thus, the Christians termed it “the Lent”, usually observed before Easter festival. Since these Prophets were messengers of God, it can be seen that by asking to follow the prophet Mohamed to fast. In other words, Almighty God intends to draw creature’s attention to the practice and tradition of his messengers who brought his message to the mankind.

In Mecca, Prophet Mohamed found that a group called Sabians practiced praying and making ablution, or ceremonial washing, before each prayer. Ramadan was a pagan ceremony practiced by the Sabian. 1. In the Qur’an, Mohammed called the Sabians “people of the book” like the Jews and Christians.

Moreover, Ramadan has its pagan roots originated in India. The observance of fasting to honor the moon, and ending the fast when the moon’s crescent appears, was practiced with the traditions of the Eastern worshippers’ of the moon. Both Ibn al-Nadim and the Shahrastani tell us about al-Jandrikinieh, an Indian sect which began to fast when the moon disappeared and ended the fast with a great feast when the crescent reappeared. 2

(C) To learn how to achieve faithfulness

“O ye who believe, fasting is prescribed for you…so that you will (learn how to attain) piety” (2:183) Human nature is susceptible to sins and transgression. This may be due human struggle to secure wealth and positions. Qur’an warns against gossiping, backbiting, slandering, hypocrisy, lying, cheating, duping, and hurting. Islamic school of thoughts believes that Ramadan can help to challenge those ill-behaviors and actions if one performs fasting with pure intentions. Ramadan teaches how to put an end to ill-actions and behaviors and take a step close to Almighty God

(D) To reap the full reward of the Night of Power (Lailat-ut Qadr)

“Indeed We have revealed it (Qur’an) in the night of Power. And what will explain to you what the night of Power is? The night of Power is better than a thousand months. Therein descends the Angels and the Spirit by Allah’s permission, on every errand: (they say) Peace” (continuously) till the rise of Morning!” (97:1-5)

Muslims believe that the first divine revelation to Prophet from Almighty God took place in the Night of Ramadan- Lailat-ut Qadr. God picked the night because of the special blessings in it. It is called the night of Power (Lailat-ut Qadr) or the night of blessing (Lailat-ul Mubarak). It is this night that all Muslims are invited by God to look for in the month of Ramadan. Specifically, the night is in the last ten days of Ramadan and usually in one of the odd days (i.e. 21, 23, 25, 27 and 29th). A Muslim is expected to perform naafilah, recite the Qur’an, do zikr etc in the night. Since no one knows precisely which of the odd days the night is, Muslims are expected to be in seclusion (itikaf) during the last 10 days of Ramadan and the best place to be so is in the mosque.

Muslims do not want to miss the Night. It is this very reason that every Muslim wants to witness and reap its full blessing by fasting during the days of the month of Ramadan. As Ramadan fast is inextricably tied to the Night of Power (Qur’an 2:183) it follows that any Muslim who wishes to benefit from the Night of Power must fast during the month of Ramadan.

Critiques on Ramadan

Muslims believe that during the month of Ramadan they strictly monitor both, their emotional and physical feelings. Also they think fasting is very true, because those who fast do not eat (during the day light). However, critiques point that though they do not eat during the day light, they do eat (freely) their meals during the night. Since the Muslims believe that God allows them to eat while it is dark, they eat a large meal in the late evening and wake up early in the morning for another big meal. In other words, they simply change the time of their meals from daylight to darkness.

In fact, Muslims those who are financially able enough, continue to consume large meals during Ramadan. What is also true is that rather than simple meals which they have during the year, they arrange for elaborate meals, spending sometimes triple or more money on food during Ramadan than in any other month. Thus such reality of meals consuming during the Ramadan lead critiques to suggest that Muslims eat a lot during the Ramadan than non-Ramadan period. Muslims need to open their eyes on this critique in order to strengthen the meaning of Ramadan.

Conclusion

Societies, whether they are located in the corner of North or in the South, consist of only of two classes-poor and rich. Islam urges economically able (rich) Muslims to be generous to economically disadvantaged (poor) class. Islam puts particular attention on the end of Ramadan to financially help those who are in need. Moreover, Ramadan steers Muslims in the right way in terms of spiritual and material life. It can indeed help cultivate wisdom, kindness and compassion among Muslims if it is observed properly with pure intentions. Ramadan will come to an end with the festival of Eid al-Fitr. This year, it is highly likely it can occur on October, 13th 2007. A sense of kindness and appreciation dominate these festivities. Muslims need to stick to the lessons Ramadan has thought to them.

May the Creator God give us courage in this world and in then hereafter and give us strength and good health to be able to fast during the month of Ramadan. Also, God give us equality and peace to all of us-Muslims and non-Muslims.

1 Abdel Allah ibn Zakwan Abi al-Zanad. See Ibn Qutaybah, page 204;Cited by Sinasi Gunduz, The Knowledge of Life, Oxford University , 1994, page 25

2 Ibn Al Nadim, Al-Fahrisit, page 348

[Grand Mosque, Puttalam, Sri Lanka – Picture by HumanityAshore.org]

By Nate V

Pad Thai

Related: Taste of Thai

Serves 4 as a noodle course or 2 as a main course

10 oz Thai rice noodles
1/4 cup tamarind paste
1/4 cup warm water

Strips of red pepper and green Pepper
Fresh coriander leaves
Wedges of lime

Soak noodles in plenty of cold water for at least 2 hour. Combine tamarind paste with a 1/2 cup warm water in a small bowl and let soak for at least 30 minutes. Slice the chicken into 1/4-inch strips. If you find it difficult to cut thinly through fresh meat, leave it in the freezer for 15-20 minutes to harden slightly and then slice. Reserve. Slice the fried tofu into 3/4-inch cubes. Reserve. Blend or process peanuts into coarse meal. Reserve. Return to your reserved tamarind paste in its water. Mash it and transfer the mud-like mixture to a strainer set into a bowl. Mash and push with a spoon, forcing liquid to strain into the bowl. Scrape off the juice that clings to the underside of the strainer. You will have about 5 tbsp of tamarind juice. Add to it the fish sauce, sugar and lime juice. Beat to thoroughly mix and reserve. Discard the solids left in the strainer. Heat oil in a wok (or large frying pan) until it is just about to smoke. Add garlic and stir, letting it cook for about 30 seconds. Add chicken and stir-fry for 1 minute. Add tofu and shrimps and stir-fry for 1 more minute. Break eggs into wok and let them fry without breaking them up for 1-2 minutes. While eggs cook, quickly drain the noodles and then add to wok, giving them a quick fold, stir-frying for 1 minute from the bottom up. Add reserved tamarind juice, etc. (from step #6) and continue stir-frying, mixing everything together for 1-2 minutes. Your noodles will have subsided to half their original volume and softened up to al dente. Add about 2/3 of the reserved ground peanuts and stir. Add about 2/3 of the bean sprouts and all the green onion pieces. Stir-fry for 30 seconds and take off heat. Transfer noodles to a serving dish and sprinkle with roasted chilies. Top with the rest of the ground peanuts, the rest of the sprouts, some strips of red pepper and fresh coriander leaves. Stick a couple of lime wedges on the side and serve immediately.

Any comments to:

chef@monsoonjournal.com

Related: Taste of Thai

By S.Raymond Rajabalan
[monsoonJournal.com]
Mother’s Day is a holiday honouring mothers, celebrated on various days in many places around the world. This day is celebrated on the 2nd Sunday of May in the United States and Canada.

History

In the United States, Mother’s Day was copied from England by social activist Julia Ward Howe after the American Civil War with a call to unite women against war. She wrote the Mother’s Day Proclamation. In the UK, the day now simply celebrates motherhood and thanking mothers.Different countries celebrate Mother’s Day on various days of the year because the day has a number of different origins.

Julia Ward Howe [May 27, 1819–October 17, 1910]

One school of thought claims this day emerged from a custom of mother worship in ancient Greece. Mother worship — which kept a festival to Cybele, a great mother of gods, and (mythology), the wife of Cronus; was held around Asia Minor and eventually in Rome itself. The Romans also had another holiday, Matronalia that was dedicated to Juno, though mothers were usually given gifts on this day.

In most countries, Mother’s Day is a new concept copied from western civilization.In many African countries, the idea of one Mother’s Day has its origins in copying the British concept, although there are many festivals and events celebrating mothers within the many diverse cultures on the African continent that have been there centuries before the colonials arrival.

US history

Julia Ward Howe wrote the Mother’s Day Proclamation in 1870, as a call for peace and disarmament. An excerpt follows:

From the voice of a devastated Earth a voice goes up with
Our own. It says: “Disarm! Disarm!
The sword of murder is not the balance of justice.”
Blood does not wipe out dishonor,
Nor violence indicate possession.
As men have often forsaken the plough and the anvil at the summons of war,
Let women now leave all that may be left of home
For a great and earnest day of counsel.
Let them meet first, as women, to bewail and commemorate the dead.
Let them solemnly take counsel with each other as to the means
Whereby the great human family can live in peace.

Howe failed in her attempt to get formal recognition of a Mother’s Day for Peace. Her idea was influenced by Ann Jarvis, a young homemaker who, starting in 1858, had attempted to improve sanitation through what she called Mothers’ Work Days. She organized women throughout the Civil War to work for better sanitary conditions for both sides, and in 1868 she began work to reconcile Union and Confederate neighbors.

When Jarvis died, her daughter, named Anna Jarvis, started the crusade to found a memorial day for women. The first such Mother’s Day was celebrated in Grafton,West Virginia, on May10,1908, in the church where the elder Ann Jarvis had taught Sunday School. Grafton is the home to the International Mother’s Day Shrine. From there, the custom caught on — spreading eventually to 45 states. The holiday was declared officially by somes states beginning in 1912. In 1914 President Woodrow Wilson declared the first national Mother’s Day, as a day for American citizens to show the flag in honour of those mothers whose sons had died in war (with specific reference to The Great War, now known as World War I.

British history - Mothering Sunday

Mothering Sunday, commonly called “Mothers’ Day” in the United Kingdom, has no direct connection to the American practice. It falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent (exactly three weeks before Easter Sunday). It is believed to have originated from the 16th Century Christian practice of visiting one’s mother church annually, which meant that most mothers would be reunited with their children on this day. Most historians believe that young apprentices and young women in servitude were released by their masters that weekend in order to visit their families.As a result of secularization, it is now principally used to celebrate and give thanks for mothers, although it is still recognized in the historical sense by some churches, with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus as well as the traditional concept ‘mother church’.

Whatever, the origin of Mothers day it is a noble act to honour mothers not only on a specific day of the year but each and every day of the year.

A mother is the truest friend we have, when trials heavy and sudden, fall upon us; when adversity takes the place of prosperity; when friends who rejoice with us in our sunshine desert us; when trouble thickens around us, still will she cling to us, and endeavor by her kind precepts and counsels to dissipate the clouds of darkness, and cause peace to return to our hearts. ~Washington Irving